Indications for treatment of CCF
- glaucoma
- diplopia
- intolerable bruit or headache
- severe proptosis (causing exposure keratopathy)
Type of treatment :
- Surgical treatment
(include ligation of the external & internal carotid arteries)
- Fistula embolization
(with particles, glue, detachable ballons, & thrombogenic microcoils)
Direct fistulas are best treated with a detachable ballon.
Treatment of cavernous dural arteriovenous fistulas is usually done using a trans-arterial approach, however in many complicated cases may not unsuccesful, but can be treated with trans-venous embolization.
Complications of treatment may due to the procedure or reopening of the fistula :
- ophthalmoplegia
- cerebral infarction
- ophthalmic artery occlusion
- increasid proptosis
- elevated of IOP
- choroidal detachment
- venous stasis retinopathy.
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